Rice Bran Oil–Waste Cooking Oil Binary Biodiesel for Cleaner Diesel Engines: A Review of Sustainable Dual-Feedstock Biodiesel Performance

The transition toward sustainable transportation fuels has intensified interest in second-generation biodiesel derived from non-edible and waste-based feedstocks. The reviewed study investigates the production and performance of a novel binary biodiesel synthesized from rice bran oil (RBO) and waste cooking oil (WCO), followed by blending with conventional diesel fuel for use in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Rather than evaluating each feedstock independently, the research explores whether combining two complementary biodiesel sources can improve fuel properties while reducing harmful exhaust emissions. Through systematic laboratory preparation, fuel characterization, and engine testing, the study identifies an optimum binary biodiesel formulation and evaluates its effects on brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon emissions, and carbon monoxide emissions. The findings provide valuable insights into the practical application of sustainable biodiesel blends without requiring engine modification.

Bibliographic Information

Item	Information
Article Title	Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine
Authors	S. Prathap Singh; M. A. Prasanth; K. Gnanasekaran; R. Yeshwan; R. Subasriram; Abhijit Bhowmik; Nagaraj Ashok
Journal	Engineering Reports
Volume	8
Issue	2
Publication Year	2026
Article Number	e70625
DOI	10.1002/eng2.70625
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
License	Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
ISSN	2577-8196
Keywords	biodiesel; CI engine; diesel; rice bran oil; waste cooking oil

1. Research Background

The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the growing urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated the search for renewable transportation fuels. Among the available alternatives, biodiesel has become one of the most practical substitutes for petroleum diesel because it is renewable, biodegradable, and generally compatible with existing compression ignition (CI) engines. Unlike fossil diesel, biodiesel can be produced from biological resources including vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled waste oils, offering both environmental and energy-security benefits.

Recent developments in biodiesel research have shifted attention from edible vegetable oils toward second-generation feedstocks. This transition is motivated by concerns regarding food security, production costs, and sustainable resource utilization. Waste cooking oil represents an abundant post-consumer waste stream that can be converted into valuable fuel while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution caused by improper disposal. Rice bran oil, on the other hand, is a by-product of rice milling and provides another renewable feedstock with favorable fatty acid composition and thermal stability. Using these materials avoids direct competition with food resources while supporting circular economy principles.

Previous investigations have independently demonstrated the feasibility of producing biodiesel from either waste cooking oil or rice bran oil. Biodiesel produced from these feedstocks generally reduces emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons compared with conventional diesel. However, each feedstock also exhibits individual limitations. Waste cooking oil biodiesel may possess relatively high viscosity, whereas rice bran oil biodiesel may present different fuel property constraints. Consequently, researchers continue exploring strategies capable of balancing these characteristics while maintaining satisfactory engine performance.

One promising approach involves combining multiple biodiesel feedstocks before blending them with conventional diesel fuel. Binary biodiesel blends offer opportunities to exploit complementary fuel characteristics rather than relying on a single raw material. By carefully adjusting the proportion of each feedstock, researchers may optimize important physical properties including density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, and combustion behavior, potentially improving both fuel quality and engine operation.

The reviewed study focuses specifically on a binary biodiesel produced from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil. After producing biodiesel from each feedstock through transesterification, the researchers prepared several binary mixtures to identify the most suitable combination for subsequent blending with mineral diesel. The investigation then evaluated how these blended fuels influenced engine performance and exhaust emissions under controlled laboratory conditions using a single-cylinder diesel engine.

Rather than introducing entirely new engine technology, the study examines whether carefully engineered biodiesel formulations can provide practical environmental benefits using existing diesel engines. This approach reflects an important direction in sustainable energy research, where improvements in renewable fuel formulation may facilitate broader adoption without requiring substantial modifications to current transportation infrastructure.

2. Research Objective

To produce biodiesel independently from rice bran oil (RBO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) using the transesterification process.
To prepare binary biodiesel blends with different WCO:RBO ratios and evaluate their physical fuel properties.
To identify the optimum binary biodiesel formulation based on flash point, fire point, density, and kinematic viscosity.
To blend the optimum binary biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel at different concentrations and evaluate its suitability for compression ignition (CI) engine operation.
To investigate the influence of biodiesel blends on brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.
To examine whether combining two sustainable second-generation feedstocks can provide balanced fuel characteristics without requiring engine modification.

3. Why This Research Matters

Promotes circular resource utilization. The study converts agricultural by-products and waste cooking oil into useful transportation fuel, reducing environmental waste while creating renewable energy resources.
Supports second-generation biodiesel development. By relying on non-edible feedstocks, the research avoids competition between fuel production and food supply.
Explores complementary fuel characteristics. Combining rice bran oil biodiesel with waste cooking oil biodiesel offers a strategy for balancing physical fuel properties that may be difficult to achieve using a single feedstock.
Addresses engine emission reduction. The investigation evaluates whether optimized biodiesel blends can decrease harmful exhaust emissions while maintaining acceptable engine performance.
Demonstrates practical implementation. The biodiesel blends are evaluated using a conventional compression ignition engine, supporting potential real-world adoption without major engine redesign.
Provides engineering guidance for fuel formulation. The comparison among multiple blending ratios illustrates how biodiesel composition influences safety characteristics, combustion behavior, and fuel efficiency.
Contributes to sustainable transportation research. The findings expand current knowledge regarding renewable diesel alternatives derived from multiple waste-based feedstocks.

4. Research Methodology

The study employed an experimental laboratory design to produce, characterize, and evaluate biodiesel synthesized from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil. The overall workflow consisted of biodiesel preparation through transesterification, formulation of binary biodiesel blends, laboratory measurement of fuel properties, identification of the optimum blend, preparation of biodiesel-diesel mixtures, and engine performance testing using a compression ignition diesel engine.

Research Design

Experimental laboratory investigation.
Fuel production, fuel characterization, and diesel engine performance evaluation.
Comparative analysis between biodiesel blends and conventional diesel fuel.

Feedstock Selection

The researchers selected two sustainable second-generation feedstocks that originate from different waste streams. Rice bran oil (RBO), a by-product of rice milling, was chosen because of its relatively high unsaturated fatty acid content and favorable thermal stability. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was collected from local food-service facilities and utilized as a recycled feedstock that would otherwise become an environmental pollutant if discarded improperly. The combination of these two resources was intended to exploit their complementary fuel characteristics while avoiding the use of edible vegetable oils.

Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel from both feedstocks was produced independently using the base-catalyzed transesterification process. Methanol served as the alcohol reactant, while potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as the catalyst. Each oil sample underwent magnetic stirring under controlled temperature conditions to promote the chemical conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). After the reaction was completed, the mixture was transferred into a separating funnel where glycerol and biodiesel formed two distinct layers through gravitational settling.

The separated biodiesel subsequently underwent repeated washing with distilled water to remove catalyst residues, glycerol, and other impurities remaining after transesterification. Finally, the purified biodiesel was dried to eliminate residual moisture before further characterization and blending.

Preparation of Binary Biodiesel Blends

After producing biodiesel from both feedstocks separately, the researchers prepared three binary biodiesel formulations by mixing waste cooking oil biodiesel and rice bran oil biodiesel in different proportions. Magnetic stirring at room temperature ensured homogeneous mixing of the two biodiesels before property evaluation.

Sample A: 30% WCO biodiesel : 70% RBO biodiesel
Sample B: 50% WCO biodiesel : 50% RBO biodiesel
Sample C: 70% WCO biodiesel : 30% RBO biodiesel

These formulations were produced according to ASTM D6751 biodiesel specifications before laboratory testing was conducted.

Fuel Property Evaluation

Each biodiesel sample underwent detailed physical characterization before engine testing. The objective was to identify the binary formulation that provided the most balanced combination of fuel quality and safety characteristics.

The evaluated fuel properties included:

Flash point
Fire point
Density
Kinematic viscosity
Cetane number

Flash point and fire point measurements were performed using an Abel Pensky apparatus following ASTM D93 procedures. Density measurements followed ASTM D1298, while kinematic viscosity was determined using a Saybolt viscometer according to ASTM D445. Cetane number measurements followed ASTM D613. These standardized testing procedures ensured that all measured fuel properties could be compared directly with conventional diesel fuel.

Selection of the Optimum Binary Blend

The measured physical properties were compared among the three binary biodiesel formulations. Based on the combined evaluation of flash point, fire point, density, and kinematic viscosity, the researchers selected the 50:50 WCO:RBO biodiesel as the optimum binary formulation for engine testing. This optimized biodiesel was subsequently blended with conventional diesel fuel at three different concentrations:

B30 (30% binary biodiesel + 70% diesel)
B50 (50% binary biodiesel + 50% diesel)
B70 (70% binary biodiesel + 30% diesel)

Diesel Engine Experimental Setup

Engine performance evaluation was conducted using a laboratory-scale single-cylinder, four-stroke, vertical, water-cooled compression ignition diesel engine manufactured by Kirloskar. The engine employed direct fuel injection and operated at a rated speed of 1500 rpm. An eddy current dynamometer provided controlled loading conditions during experimentation, while multiple sensors continuously recorded engine operating parameters.

The experimental facility incorporated instrumentation for measuring cylinder pressure, crank angle, engine torque, airflow, fuel consumption, combustion pressure, and exhaust gas composition. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were analyzed using an AVL DIGAS 444 gas analyzer, while smoke emissions were measured using an AVL 437 smoke meter.

Engine Performance Evaluation

The prepared biodiesel blends were evaluated under multiple engine loading conditions following the European Stationary Cycle (ESC). Performance testing covered loads ranging from 15% to full load, allowing the researchers to compare biodiesel blends with conventional diesel over representative operating conditions.

The principal performance indicators included:

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions

These parameters enabled simultaneous assessment of engine efficiency and environmental performance, allowing the researchers to identify potential trade-offs between renewable fuel utilization and engine operation.

5. Key Findings

Successful Production of Binary Biodiesel

The study successfully produced biodiesel independently from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil using the transesterification process before combining them into three binary biodiesel formulations. The experimental procedure demonstrated that both waste-derived feedstocks could be processed into biodiesel meeting standardized fuel preparation requirements suitable for subsequent engine evaluation.

Improved Fuel Safety Characteristics

Both rice bran oil biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel exhibited substantially higher flash points and fire points than conventional diesel fuel. These characteristics indicate improved safety during storage, transportation, and handling because higher temperatures are required before fuel ignition can occur. Such properties represent an operational advantage of biodiesel over petroleum diesel in terms of fire risk management.

Balanced Fuel Properties Achieved Through Binary Blending

Comparison of the three binary biodiesel formulations showed that modifying the ratio between waste cooking oil biodiesel and rice bran oil biodiesel altered important physical fuel properties, including density and kinematic viscosity. Rather than relying on either feedstock individually, the binary blending strategy enabled the researchers to obtain more balanced fuel characteristics by exploiting the complementary properties of each biodiesel.

The 50:50 Binary Blend Was Selected as the Optimum Formulation

Among the three investigated formulations, the biodiesel containing equal proportions of waste cooking oil biodiesel and rice bran oil biodiesel demonstrated the most favorable combination of physical properties. Consequently, this binary biodiesel was selected for secondary blending with conventional diesel fuel and became the basis for the B30, B50, and B70 fuel formulations evaluated during engine testing.

Brake Thermal Efficiency Decreased Slightly Compared with Diesel

All biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency than conventional diesel across the investigated engine loads. Nevertheless, the B30 blend consistently demonstrated the highest efficiency among the biodiesel formulations, indicating that moderate biodiesel incorporation maintained engine performance more effectively than higher biodiesel concentrations. Increasing biodiesel proportion generally resulted in gradual reductions in brake thermal efficiency.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Increased with Higher Biodiesel Content

The experimental results indicated that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased as the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel mixture became higher. Compared with conventional diesel fuel, the B30 blend exhibited only a modest increase in fuel consumption, whereas the B50 and especially the B70 blends required progressively larger quantities of fuel to produce the same engine power output. The researchers attributed this trend primarily to the lower heating value of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel, requiring greater fuel consumption to achieve equivalent energy release during combustion.

Although higher biodiesel concentrations reduced fuel economy, the increase remained within an acceptable range for experimental evaluation, suggesting that carefully selected blending ratios may provide an appropriate compromise between renewable fuel utilization and engine efficiency.

Hydrocarbon Emissions Were Significantly Reduced

One of the most important outcomes of the investigation was the substantial reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions produced by biodiesel blends. Among the evaluated fuels, the B30 blend demonstrated the greatest improvement compared with conventional diesel fuel, reducing hydrocarbon emissions by approximately 23.5%. This improvement indicates more complete combustion within the engine cylinder, largely because biodiesel molecules naturally contain oxygen that promotes more efficient oxidation of the fuel during combustion.

Lower hydrocarbon emissions contribute directly to improved air quality because unburned hydrocarbons are important precursors of photochemical smog and ground-level ozone formation. The observed reduction therefore represents one of the major environmental advantages of incorporating binary biodiesel into conventional diesel fuel.

Carbon Monoxide Emissions Also Declined

The biodiesel blends also reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emissions relative to mineral diesel. The B30 formulation achieved approximately 13.6% lower carbon monoxide emissions than conventional diesel under the investigated operating conditions. Similar to the reduction in hydrocarbon emissions, this improvement was associated with the higher oxygen content present in biodiesel, which facilitates more complete oxidation of carbon during combustion and reduces incomplete combustion products.

The reduction in carbon monoxide demonstrates that partial substitution of petroleum diesel with the optimized binary biodiesel can improve combustion quality while simultaneously lowering pollutants that pose significant risks to human health.

Moderate Biodiesel Content Produced the Best Overall Performance

Although increasing biodiesel concentration generally enhanced environmental performance, higher biodiesel proportions also produced larger reductions in brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption. Consequently, the experimental results suggest that moderate biodiesel incorporation provides a more balanced compromise between engine performance and emission reduction than very high biodiesel concentrations.

Among the investigated fuels, the B30 blend consistently demonstrated the most favorable balance by maintaining relatively high brake thermal efficiency while simultaneously providing meaningful reductions in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. This finding highlights the importance of optimizing blend composition rather than maximizing biodiesel concentration alone.

Binary Feedstock Blending Demonstrated Practical Feasibility

The study demonstrated that combining biodiesel derived from two different second-generation feedstocks can produce a renewable fuel with balanced physical characteristics and satisfactory engine performance. Rather than depending exclusively on either rice bran oil or waste cooking oil, the binary blending strategy successfully integrated the strengths of both resources into a single biodiesel formulation suitable for conventional compression ignition engines.

Importantly, the experiments showed that the optimized biodiesel blends could be used without modifying the diesel engine. This practical compatibility represents an important consideration for future implementation because renewable fuels that require little or no engine modification are generally more attractive for commercial adoption.

6. Scientific Contribution

Introduces a dual-feedstock biodiesel formulation. Rather than investigating rice bran oil biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel independently, the study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating two sustainable feedstocks into a single binary biodiesel formulation with complementary fuel characteristics.
Provides a systematic optimization strategy for biodiesel blending. The research evaluates several binary biodiesel compositions before selecting the optimum formulation based on standardized measurements of flash point, fire point, density, and kinematic viscosity instead of relying on arbitrary blending ratios.
Expands knowledge of second-generation biodiesel. By utilizing agricultural by-products together with recycled cooking oil, the study contributes to the growing body of research focused on renewable fuels that avoid competition with food resources.
Demonstrates the relationship between fuel properties and engine performance. The investigation illustrates how physical fuel characteristics influence brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines.
Shows that moderate biodiesel blending can balance efficiency and environmental performance. The results indicate that carefully selected biodiesel concentrations can reduce harmful emissions while maintaining acceptable engine operation.
Provides experimentally validated evidence for binary biodiesel utilization. Unlike purely theoretical investigations, the study combines laboratory fuel characterization with controlled diesel engine testing to evaluate practical fuel performance.
Supports future renewable fuel development. The experimental methodology offers a framework for evaluating additional combinations of waste-derived biodiesel feedstocks in future research.

7. Industrial Implications

Supports sustainable diesel fuel production. Biodiesel produced from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil provides an alternative fuel pathway that utilizes renewable waste resources instead of petroleum-derived fuels.
Encourages waste valorization. Converting waste cooking oil into transportation fuel reduces disposal problems while creating additional economic value from post-consumer waste.
Adds value to agricultural by-products. Rice bran oil, which originates from rice milling, becomes an important renewable feedstock capable of contributing to future biofuel production.
Reduces dependence on fossil diesel. Partial replacement of conventional diesel with optimized biodiesel blends may contribute to improved energy diversification and enhanced fuel security.
Improves occupational safety. The higher flash point and fire point exhibited by biodiesel improve handling and storage safety compared with conventional diesel fuel.
Supports cleaner transportation technologies. Lower hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions demonstrate that optimized biodiesel blends may assist industries in reducing exhaust pollution from diesel-powered equipment.
Facilitates practical implementation. Because the biodiesel blends were evaluated without engine modification, industries operating existing diesel engines may adopt similar renewable fuel formulations more easily than technologies requiring extensive equipment redesign.

8. Research Limitations

The investigation evaluated only three binary biodiesel compositions before selecting the optimum formulation. Additional blending ratios may reveal other combinations with improved performance characteristics.
Engine testing was performed using a single-cylinder laboratory diesel engine. The performance of the investigated biodiesel blends in multicylinder engines or commercial vehicles was not examined.
The study primarily evaluated brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon emissions, and carbon monoxide emissions. Other performance indicators, including long-term engine durability and component wear, were outside the scope of the investigation.
The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory operating conditions following standardized testing procedures. Performance under diverse environmental conditions and real-world driving cycles remains to be investigated.
The research focused specifically on biodiesel derived from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil. The findings should not automatically be generalized to other feedstock combinations without additional experimental validation.

9. Future Research Opportunities

Investigate additional binary and multi-feedstock biodiesel formulations involving other second-generation resources to determine whether alternative combinations can further improve fuel properties and engine performance.
Evaluate a wider range of biodiesel blending ratios with conventional diesel to identify the optimum balance between fuel efficiency, combustion characteristics, and emission reduction under various operating conditions.
Conduct long-term durability studies to examine injector deposits, fuel system reliability, engine wear, lubricant degradation, and maintenance requirements during prolonged operation using binary biodiesel blends.
Expand emission analysis by investigating additional exhaust pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO_x), particulate matter (PM), smoke opacity, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and aldehyde emissions under standardized testing cycles.
Study combustion characteristics in greater detail by evaluating ignition delay, cylinder pressure development, heat release rate, combustion duration, and in-cylinder temperature distribution using advanced combustion diagnostics.
Assess the performance of optimized biodiesel blends in multicylinder diesel engines, commercial vehicles, agricultural machinery, stationary power generators, and heavy-duty transportation systems to determine practical applicability under real operating environments.
Investigate the influence of fuel additives, antioxidants, cetane improvers, cold-flow improvers, metal-based additives, and nano-additives on the performance and storage stability of binary biodiesel fuels.
Perform comprehensive life-cycle assessment (LCA), techno-economic analysis, and carbon footprint evaluation to quantify the environmental and economic sustainability of large-scale production using rice bran oil and waste cooking oil.
Develop optimization models that integrate feedstock availability, biodiesel production efficiency, engine performance, emission characteristics, and economic feasibility to support industrial-scale biodiesel deployment.
Investigate regional feedstock collection systems and circular economy strategies that improve the sustainable utilization of agricultural by-products and waste cooking oil for commercial biodiesel production.

10. Potential for Public Policy Citation

Although the study primarily focuses on renewable fuel engineering, its findings have direct relevance to public policies promoting sustainable transportation, renewable energy adoption, waste management, and greenhouse gas reduction. By demonstrating that biodiesel produced from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil can partially replace conventional diesel while lowering selected exhaust emissions, the research provides technical evidence supporting policies that encourage the utilization of second-generation biofuels.

The investigation also reinforces the importance of circular economy principles by converting agricultural by-products and post-consumer waste into valuable transportation fuels. Such an approach aligns with national initiatives seeking to reduce waste disposal, improve resource efficiency, and diversify domestic renewable energy supplies through sustainable biomass utilization.

Furthermore, the experimental evidence may assist policymakers, environmental agencies, transportation authorities, and energy planners when formulating biodiesel blending strategies, renewable fuel standards, and sustainable mobility programs. The study illustrates that carefully optimized biodiesel blends can contribute to cleaner diesel combustion while utilizing existing engine technologies, making gradual renewable fuel adoption more practical.

11. Who Should Read This Paper?

Researchers working in renewable energy, sustainable fuels, biodiesel technology, and bioenergy engineering.
Mechanical engineers specializing in internal combustion engines, fuel systems, and combustion analysis.
Chemical engineers involved in biodiesel production, transesterification processes, and fuel processing technologies.
Environmental engineers investigating sustainable transportation and emission reduction technologies.
Graduate students studying alternative fuels, engine performance, sustainable energy systems, and renewable transportation technologies.
Researchers interested in waste valorization, circular economy applications, and biomass utilization.
Government agencies and policymakers responsible for renewable energy development, transportation decarbonization, and environmental regulation.
Industrial practitioners involved in biodiesel manufacturing, fuel distribution, diesel engine operation, and sustainable energy implementation.

12. Final Thoughts

This study demonstrates a practical approach to developing sustainable biodiesel by combining two renewable second-generation feedstocks—rice bran oil and waste cooking oil—into a single binary biodiesel formulation. Rather than relying on a single feedstock, the research systematically evaluates several blending ratios to identify a formulation that provides balanced physical properties suitable for diesel engine applications. The experimental methodology integrates standardized biodiesel production, comprehensive fuel characterization, and controlled engine performance testing, offering a well-structured evaluation of the proposed renewable fuel.

The experimental findings indicate that the optimized binary biodiesel blend can substantially reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions while maintaining acceptable engine performance. Although higher biodiesel concentrations resulted in lower brake thermal efficiency and increased brake specific fuel consumption compared with conventional diesel, moderate biodiesel incorporation provided a favorable compromise between environmental benefits and engine operation. The identification of the B30 blend as the most balanced formulation illustrates the importance of optimizing biodiesel concentration rather than maximizing renewable fuel content alone.

Another important contribution of the study lies in demonstrating that waste-derived biodiesel can be utilized without engine modification. This practical compatibility increases the potential for real-world implementation because existing diesel engines may gradually adopt renewable fuel blends without extensive redesign or infrastructure replacement. By simultaneously addressing renewable energy production, waste utilization, and emission reduction, the investigation contributes meaningful experimental evidence to ongoing efforts toward cleaner and more sustainable diesel transportation systems.

13. Suggested Citations

UNP-Teknomekanik Style

Singh SP, Prasanth MA, Gnanasekaran K, Yeshwan R, Subasriram R, Bhowmik A, Ashok N. Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine. Engineering Reports. 2026;8(2):e70625. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70625

APA 7th Edition

Singh, S. P., Prasanth, M. A., Gnanasekaran, K., Yeshwan, R., Subasriram, R., Bhowmik, A., & Ashok, N. (2026). Performance evaluation of rice bran oil—Waste cooking oil binary blend-based biodiesel with normal diesel in CI engine. Engineering Reports, 8(2), e70625. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70625

IEEE

S. P. Singh, M. A. Prasanth, K. Gnanasekaran, R. Yeshwan, R. Subasriram, A. Bhowmik, and N. Ashok, "Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine," Engineering Reports, vol. 8, no. 2, Art. no. e70625, 2026, doi:10.1002/eng2.70625.

Harvard

Singh, S.P., Prasanth, M.A., Gnanasekaran, K., Yeshwan, R., Subasriram, R., Bhowmik, A. and Ashok, N. (2026) 'Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine', Engineering Reports, 8(2), e70625. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70625.

Vancouver

Singh SP, Prasanth MA, Gnanasekaran K, Yeshwan R, Subasriram R, Bhowmik A, Ashok N. Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine. Engineering Reports. 2026;8(2):e70625. doi:10.1002/eng2.70625.

Chicago Author-Date

Singh, S. Prathap, M. A. Prasanth, K. Gnanasekaran, R. Yeshwan, R. Subasriram, Abhijit Bhowmik, and Nagaraj Ashok. 2026. "Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine." Engineering Reports 8 (2): e70625. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70625.

MLA 9th Edition

Singh, S. Prathap, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil—Waste Cooking Oil Binary Blend-Based Biodiesel With Normal Diesel in CI Engine." Engineering Reports, vol. 8, no. 2, 2026, article e70625. Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70625.

14. Editorial Note

Engineering Research Insights publishes independent scholarly reviews intended to help researchers, engineers, educators, and students understand recently published engineering research. This article summarizes and discusses the reviewed publication using information presented in the original paper. Readers are strongly encouraged to read and cite the original research article whenever the scientific findings, experimental data, or technical methodology are used in academic publications, reports, theses, dissertations, or future research.

15. SEO Meta Description

Comprehensive review of binary biodiesel produced from rice bran oil and waste cooking oil for diesel engines. Learn how dual-feedstock biodiesel influences engine performance, fuel properties, brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions.

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