Can Natural Fibers Replace Glass Fiber Without Sacrificing Strength? Insights from a Finite Element Study on Sustainable Composite Fan Blades

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Composite materials have become indispensable across modern engineering because they provide an excellent combination of high strength, low weight, and design flexibility. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are widely employed in aerospace, marine, automotive, and industrial equipment, including axial flow fan blades. Despite these advantages, conventional GFRP materials present a growing environmental concern due to their poor biodegradability and limited recyclability. As industries increasingly embrace sustainable manufacturing and circular economy principles, researchers are investigating renewable natural fibers as environmentally responsible alternatives to synthetic reinforcements.

Among the promising candidates, kenaf and sisal fibers offer low density, competitive mechanical properties, reduced environmental impact, and widespread availability. However, replacing glass fiber without significantly reducing structural performance remains a considerable engineering challenge. The study reviewed here addresses this issue through an extensive finite element investigation that evaluates various hybrid laminate configurations. Rather than relying solely on experimental testing, the authors employ advanced numerical simulations to determine how the position and quantity of natural fiber layers influence tensile performance. Their findings provide valuable guidance for engineers seeking sustainable composite designs while maintaining the mechanical reliability required for industrial applications.

Bibliographic Information

Item Information
Article Title Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation
Authors Alief Wikarta, Chandya Andikusuma, Julendra Bambang Ariatedja, I Made Londen Batan, Femiana Gapsari, and Sze Wei Khoo
Journal Teknomekanik
Volume & Issue Volume 8, Issue 1
Publication Year 2025
Pages 99–116
DOI https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472
Publisher Universitas Negeri Padang
License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

1. Research Background

  • Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites remain one of the most important engineering materials. Owing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and manufacturing flexibility, GFRP composites are widely used in industrial fan blades, marine structures, transportation systems, construction components, aerospace structures, and numerous mechanical engineering applications.
  • Environmental concerns are becoming increasingly significant. Although GFRP offers excellent mechanical performance, its synthetic reinforcement is difficult to recycle and does not biodegrade naturally. The accumulation of composite waste has therefore become an important sustainability challenge for manufacturers seeking environmentally responsible material solutions.
  • Natural fibers have emerged as attractive sustainable reinforcements. Renewable fibers such as kenaf, sisal, bamboo, hemp, flax, banana, and jute have attracted considerable research attention because they possess lower density, lower production cost, biodegradability, and reduced environmental impact compared with conventional synthetic fibers.
  • Mechanical performance remains the primary obstacle. Despite their environmental advantages, natural fibers generally exhibit lower stiffness, tensile strength, and durability than glass fibers. They are also more sensitive to moisture, growing conditions, and processing methods, making it difficult to directly replace synthetic reinforcement in structural engineering applications.
  • Hybrid composites provide a promising compromise. Rather than replacing glass fiber entirely, hybrid composites combine synthetic and natural fibers within a single laminate. This strategy seeks to preserve structural performance while simultaneously increasing renewable material content and reducing the environmental footprint of composite products.
  • Industrial fan blades represent an ideal application for investigation. Axial flow fan blades require lightweight materials with sufficient tensile strength and stiffness to withstand continuous mechanical loading. Any reduction in mechanical performance could compromise operational reliability, making material substitution a critical engineering decision.
  • Previous studies have produced mixed results. Earlier investigations demonstrated that replacing glass fiber with woven jute in a similar fan blade configuration did not achieve satisfactory mechanical performance. Consequently, alternative natural fibers possessing superior mechanical characteristics require systematic evaluation before they can be recommended for industrial implementation.
  • The study addresses an important research gap. While numerous investigations have explored natural fiber composites experimentally, relatively few have systematically examined how the number and position of individual natural fiber layers influence tensile performance within complex GFRP laminates using finite element analysis. Layer-by-layer optimization remains insufficiently understood.
  • The novelty lies in simulation-driven laminate optimization. Instead of evaluating only a limited number of material configurations, the authors investigated numerous hybrid laminate arrangements by progressively replacing selected glass roving layers with unidirectional kenaf and sisal fibers. This comprehensive numerical approach enables detailed comparison of mechanical responses while minimizing experimental cost and development time.

2. Research Objectives

  • To investigate the feasibility of partially replacing glass fiber with environmentally friendly natural fibers in glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites designed for industrial axial flow fan blades.
  • To evaluate the tensile performance of hybrid composite laminates incorporating unidirectional kenaf and sisal fibers through finite element simulations based on ASTM D638 tensile testing procedures.
  • To determine how the number and placement of substituted natural fiber layers influence maximum tensile stress and Young's modulus of the composite laminate.
  • To compare two laminate models that differ in the reinforcement material used in the central unidirectional layer, thereby assessing the influence of laminate architecture on mechanical behavior.
  • To identify hybrid laminate configurations capable of maintaining mechanical performance while increasing the proportion of biodegradable reinforcement materials.
  • To validate the reliability of the finite element simulation through mesh convergence analysis and comparison with previously reported experimental tensile data.
  • To provide engineering recommendations for designing more sustainable composite structures that balance structural integrity with environmental responsibility.

3. Why This Research Matters

  • Supports sustainable composite engineering. The research demonstrates how renewable natural fibers can be incorporated into structural composites without substantially compromising tensile performance, contributing to more environmentally responsible engineering materials.
  • Reduces dependence on synthetic reinforcement. Partial substitution of glass fiber decreases the quantity of non-biodegradable materials used in composite manufacturing while promoting greater utilization of renewable plant-based resources.
  • Advances lightweight structural design. Since kenaf and sisal possess lower density than glass fiber, optimized hybrid laminates may contribute to lighter engineering components while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties.
  • Improves engineering decision-making through simulation. Finite element analysis enables engineers to evaluate numerous laminate configurations efficiently before physical prototyping, reducing development costs, material consumption, and product design cycles.
  • Contributes to sustainable manufacturing initiatives. The findings align with global efforts to reduce industrial waste, improve material sustainability, and encourage environmentally conscious product development across manufacturing sectors.
  • Supports innovation in composite material design. Understanding the influence of layer position and reinforcement arrangement provides valuable design knowledge for future hybrid composite structures beyond industrial fan blades.
  • Reinforces engineering applications of finite element analysis. The study illustrates how advanced numerical simulation can accurately support composite material development by combining laminate modeling, structural analysis, verification, mesh convergence evaluation, and validation against experimental observations.
  • Aligns with sustainable development objectives. By promoting increased use of biodegradable reinforcement materials while maintaining engineering functionality, the research contributes to broader industrial efforts toward resource efficiency, sustainable production, and environmentally responsible materials engineering.

4. Research Methodology

  • Research Type

    This study employed a quantitative computational engineering approach to investigate the mechanical feasibility of substituting synthetic glass fibers with renewable natural fibers in hybrid composite laminates. Instead of manufacturing physical specimens for every laminate configuration, the researchers used finite element analysis (FEA) to predict tensile behavior under standardized loading conditions. This simulation-based methodology enables systematic evaluation of numerous composite designs while reducing experimental cost and development time.

  • Engineering Problem

    The research focuses on improving the environmental sustainability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites used in industrial axial flow fan blades. The engineering challenge was to determine whether selected glass fiber layers could be replaced with natural fibers without causing unacceptable reductions in tensile strength and stiffness.

  • Reference Composite Structure

    The baseline laminate consisted of a fourteen-layer GFRP fan blade configuration previously reported in the literature. The laminate incorporated several forms of glass reinforcement, including chopped strand mat (CSM), woven roving (WR), glass roving (GR), and unidirectional (UD) glass fiber. This existing industrial laminate served as the reference configuration against which all hybrid composite models were compared.

  • Natural Fiber Materials

    Two renewable reinforcement materials were selected for investigation:

    • Unidirectional kenaf fiber, chosen because of its relatively high tensile stiffness among natural fibers.
    • Unidirectional sisal fiber, selected because of its good weather resistance and established use in engineering applications.

    Mechanical properties including density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus were incorporated into the numerical model together with epoxy matrix properties to define each composite lamina accurately.

  • Hybrid Laminate Configurations

    The researchers developed two principal laminate models:

    • Model 1 retained the original unidirectional glass layer while progressively replacing selected Glass Roving (GR) layers with kenaf or sisal fibers.
    • Model 2 replaced the central unidirectional glass layer with unidirectional kenaf in addition to replacing selected GR layers.

    Within both models, numerous laminate combinations were investigated by varying both the quantity and position of substituted natural fiber layers. This systematic design enabled detailed comparison of different hybrid composite architectures.

  • Finite Element Simulation

    The numerical investigation followed a structured finite element workflow comprising:

    • Material definition and lamina property generation.
    • Composite laminate modelling.
    • Laminate stacking sequence preparation.
    • Mesh generation.
    • Mesh convergence evaluation.
    • Tensile simulation.
    • Stress extraction and comparative analysis.

    This sequential workflow ensured that each laminate configuration was analysed using identical computational procedures.

  • Simulation Software

    All numerical analyses were conducted using ANSYS under an academic license. Material Designer was used to estimate lamina properties, Ansys Composite PrepPost (ACP) was employed to construct laminate stacking sequences, and Static Structural analysis simulated tensile loading according to engineering standards.

  • Material Modelling

    Each composite lamina was modelled with a thickness of 1 mm, a fiber volume fraction of 55%, and a fiber orientation of 0°. These parameters were consistently applied throughout all laminate configurations to ensure meaningful comparison among different reinforcement arrangements.

  • Tensile Test Configuration

    Mechanical performance was evaluated using a virtual tensile test specimen based on the ASTM D638 standard. Boundary conditions consisted of one fixed support and one remote displacement load corresponding to the experimentally observed failure displacement of the reference GFRP laminate. Applying identical loading conditions across all models ensured objective comparison of tensile behavior.

  • Mesh Verification and Convergence

    Before performing structural analysis, the finite element mesh underwent quality verification using skewness and orthogonal quality indicators. A mesh convergence study was subsequently carried out using several element sizes ranging from coarse to fine discretization. The selected mesh demonstrated stable stress predictions while maintaining computational efficiency, confirming that numerical results were independent of mesh refinement.

  • Validation Strategy

    The simulation framework was validated by comparing the predicted tensile response of the baseline laminate with previously published experimental tensile data. Agreement between simulated and experimental stress-strain behavior demonstrated that the numerical model provided a reliable representation of the physical composite structure before evaluating alternative hybrid configurations.

  • Engineering Performance Indicators

    Several engineering parameters were evaluated throughout the study, including:

    • Maximum tensile stress.
    • Young's modulus.
    • Stress distribution within laminate layers.
    • Influence of reinforcement position.
    • Effect of natural fiber substitution on structural performance.

    Comparative analysis of these indicators enabled identification of hybrid composite configurations capable of maintaining satisfactory mechanical performance while incorporating larger proportions of biodegradable reinforcement.

5. Key Findings

Partial Replacement of Glass Fiber Can Preserve Tensile Performance

One of the most significant outcomes of the study is that replacing selected glass fiber layers with natural fibers did not produce substantial reductions in tensile performance. Although kenaf and sisal possess lower intrinsic mechanical properties than glass fiber, carefully designed hybrid laminates maintained tensile characteristics that remained comparable with those of the conventional GFRP configuration.

This finding demonstrates that complete replacement of synthetic reinforcement is not always necessary to improve sustainability. Instead, strategically incorporating renewable fibers into selected laminate layers can significantly increase biodegradable content while preserving the structural reliability required for industrial composite applications.

Kenaf Exhibited Superior Mechanical Performance Compared with Sisal

Among the two natural fibers investigated, unidirectional kenaf consistently produced better tensile responses than sisal across most laminate configurations. Its relatively higher Young's modulus enabled the hybrid composite to retain greater stiffness and load-carrying capability during tensile loading.

These results suggest that kenaf represents a particularly promising reinforcement material for future hybrid composite development. While sisal contributes valuable environmental benefits and weather resistance, kenaf appears more suitable for engineering applications where structural performance remains a primary design requirement.

Laminate Architecture Is More Important Than Fiber Quantity Alone

The research clearly demonstrates that composite performance depends not only on the number of substituted natural fiber layers but also on their position within the laminate stack. Certain replacement arrangements maintained mechanical behavior considerably better than others despite containing similar amounts of natural fiber.

This observation highlights the importance of laminate architecture in hybrid composite design. Engineers should therefore optimize both reinforcement location and stacking sequence rather than focusing solely on increasing renewable fiber content.

Replacing the Central Unidirectional Layer Improved Some Hybrid Configurations

The comparison between the two laminate models revealed that replacing the central unidirectional glass layer with unidirectional kenaf could improve tensile performance in selected configurations. Several Model 2 laminates exhibited higher maximum tensile stress than comparable configurations retaining the original glass reinforcement.

This finding indicates that appropriate redistribution of reinforcement materials may compensate for the lower intrinsic properties of natural fibers. It also demonstrates that hybrid laminate optimization requires consideration of the structural function performed by each individual layer rather than assuming that all reinforcement layers contribute equally.

Finite Element Analysis Successfully Predicted Composite Behavior

The numerical model demonstrated good agreement with previously reported experimental tensile behavior after verification and mesh convergence assessment. Stress distributions, tensile responses, and laminate behavior were captured consistently across numerous composite configurations.

These results reinforce the value of finite element simulation as an efficient engineering design tool. Numerical modelling allows researchers to investigate dozens of laminate configurations before manufacturing prototypes, accelerating material development while minimizing experimental resources.

Hybrid Composites Offer a Practical Path Toward Sustainable Engineering Materials

Beyond the numerical results, the study illustrates that environmental sustainability and structural performance do not necessarily represent conflicting engineering objectives. By partially substituting synthetic reinforcement with renewable fibers, composite manufacturers may substantially improve material sustainability while maintaining acceptable tensile performance for industrial products.

The proposed design strategy therefore offers practical guidance for developing greener composite structures suitable for fan blades and potentially many other lightweight engineering applications where strength, weight reduction, and environmental responsibility must be balanced simultaneously.

6. Scientific Contribution

  • Introduces a systematic finite element framework for hybrid composite optimization. Rather than evaluating only a few laminate configurations, the study develops a comprehensive numerical approach for assessing numerous combinations of natural fiber substitutions within multilayer GFRP laminates.
  • Expands knowledge of sustainable hybrid composite design. The research demonstrates that partial substitution of glass fibers with renewable kenaf and sisal fibers can increase the environmental sustainability of composite materials while maintaining satisfactory tensile performance for engineering applications.
  • Highlights the importance of laminate architecture. The findings show that the mechanical response of hybrid composites depends not only on the amount of natural fiber introduced but also on its position within the laminate stacking sequence, providing valuable theoretical insight into multilayer composite design.
  • Provides a validated computational methodology. The study combines material modelling, mesh verification, convergence analysis, validation against experimental data, and structural simulation within a single engineering workflow, establishing a reliable procedure for future composite investigations.
  • Contributes to computational materials engineering. By integrating finite element analysis into composite material development, the research illustrates how advanced numerical simulation can efficiently evaluate structural behaviour before prototype fabrication, reducing development time and material costs.
  • Supports environmentally responsible engineering design. The proposed hybrid composite strategy contributes to ongoing research aimed at reducing reliance on non-biodegradable synthetic reinforcement while maintaining structural integrity in industrial components.
  • Provides practical design knowledge for future composite structures. The extensive comparison of laminate configurations offers engineers a useful reference when selecting reinforcement arrangements for lightweight structural applications requiring both mechanical performance and improved sustainability.

7. Industrial Implications

  • Supports greener composite manufacturing. Manufacturers can reduce the proportion of non-biodegradable glass fibers by incorporating renewable natural fibers into composite laminates without substantially compromising tensile performance.
  • Improves sustainable product development. Hybrid composite strategies such as those investigated in this study may assist companies in meeting increasing environmental requirements while maintaining the structural performance expected from engineering products.
  • Enhances engineering design efficiency. The validated finite element methodology enables engineers to evaluate numerous laminate configurations virtually before producing physical prototypes, significantly reducing product development costs and design iterations.
  • Optimizes lightweight structural components. Because natural fibers possess lower density than glass fiber, optimized hybrid laminates may contribute to lighter engineering products without sacrificing structural reliability.
  • Improves composite material selection. Designers can use the study's findings to determine appropriate combinations of glass, kenaf, and sisal reinforcement according to specific mechanical and environmental performance requirements.
  • Supports digital engineering practices. The research demonstrates the growing importance of simulation-driven material design, where computational analysis accelerates engineering decision-making throughout the product development process.
  • Contributes to Industry 4.0 manufacturing. The integration of digital simulation, virtual material evaluation, and computational optimization reflects the broader transition toward intelligent engineering design and digitally supported manufacturing systems.
  • Potential applications extend beyond industrial fan blades. The hybrid composite concepts investigated in this study may also be applicable to automotive components, marine structures, agricultural machinery, lightweight transportation systems, sporting equipment, renewable energy devices, and other composite products where sustainability and structural performance are equally important.

8. Research Limitations

  • The investigation focused exclusively on numerical simulation. Although the finite element model was validated against previously published experimental data, additional laboratory testing of the optimized hybrid laminate configurations would further strengthen confidence in the proposed designs.
  • Only tensile behaviour was investigated. Composite components operating under practical service conditions are also subjected to bending, compression, impact, fatigue, vibration, and torsional loading that were beyond the scope of the present study.
  • The research considered two natural fiber types—kenaf and sisal. Numerous other renewable reinforcement materials may exhibit different mechanical characteristics and could produce alternative hybrid laminate solutions.
  • The laminate architecture was based on a specific fourteen-layer industrial fan blade configuration. Different composite products may require alternative stacking sequences, fiber orientations, or reinforcement distributions.
  • Environmental durability factors such as moisture absorption, ultraviolet exposure, temperature variation, chemical degradation, and long-term weathering were not evaluated within the numerical simulations.
  • The investigation primarily assessed tensile stress and Young's modulus. Other engineering properties, including fracture toughness, delamination resistance, impact energy absorption, and damage propagation, remain open for future investigation.
  • Manufacturing variables such as fiber quality, fabrication defects, resin distribution, and production tolerances were not explicitly incorporated into the simulation model and may influence the behaviour of real composite structures.

9. Future Research Opportunities

  1. Conduct full-scale experimental validation of the optimized hybrid laminate configurations to confirm the numerical predictions obtained through finite element analysis.
  2. Investigate additional mechanical properties, including flexural strength, compressive behaviour, fatigue resistance, impact performance, fracture toughness, and vibration characteristics under realistic service conditions.
  3. Evaluate the long-term durability of hybrid composites under moisture absorption, ultraviolet radiation, thermal cycling, and corrosive environments to better understand their suitability for outdoor applications.
  4. Expand the investigation to include other renewable reinforcement materials such as flax, hemp, bamboo, pineapple leaf fiber, ramie, banana fiber, or hybrid combinations involving multiple natural fibers.
  5. Optimize laminate architecture further by investigating different fiber orientations, stacking sequences, fiber volume fractions, and laminate thicknesses using computational optimization techniques.
  6. Combine finite element simulation with machine learning or artificial intelligence to accelerate the identification of optimal hybrid composite configurations for specific engineering applications.
  7. Perform life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis to quantify the environmental benefits of replacing synthetic fibers with renewable reinforcement materials throughout the product lifecycle.
  8. Investigate manufacturing feasibility, production cost, process scalability, and industrial implementation of hybrid composite laminates using commercial fabrication techniques.
  9. Apply the proposed hybrid composite concepts to other engineering products, including automotive panels, wind turbine blades, marine structures, railway components, aerospace interiors, and lightweight structural systems.
  10. Develop multi-objective optimization frameworks that simultaneously consider mechanical performance, manufacturing cost, environmental sustainability, structural reliability, and recyclability during composite material design.

10. Potential for Public Policy Citation (Overton)

Although this article primarily focuses on composite material engineering rather than policy development, its findings possess meaningful potential for citation in policy-oriented documents that promote sustainable manufacturing and environmentally responsible material selection. The study contributes scientific evidence supporting the gradual substitution of non-renewable synthetic reinforcement with biodegradable natural fibers while maintaining acceptable engineering performance. Such evidence aligns well with current international efforts toward green manufacturing, circular economy implementation, and sustainable industrial development.

The research is particularly relevant because it demonstrates that environmental sustainability can be integrated into engineering design without substantially compromising structural performance. As governments and industries increasingly seek practical pathways toward reducing industrial waste and carbon emissions, validated studies on renewable composite materials become valuable references for future technology policies and industrial roadmaps.

Potential policy relevance includes:

  • Sustainable Manufacturing Policies. The study supports initiatives encouraging industries to increase the use of renewable and biodegradable engineering materials in manufacturing processes.
  • Circular Economy Strategies. The findings provide scientific evidence that partially replacing synthetic reinforcement with natural fibers can reduce dependence on non-recyclable materials while maintaining engineering functionality.
  • Green Materials Roadmaps. National and regional manufacturing strategies promoting environmentally friendly materials may reference studies demonstrating feasible hybrid composite solutions.
  • Industrial Innovation Programs. Government agencies supporting advanced materials research could use this work to justify investments in sustainable composite technologies and digital engineering approaches.
  • Engineering Education Guidelines. Universities and professional organizations may cite this research as an example of integrating sustainability principles into materials engineering and finite element analysis education.
  • Research and Innovation Agendas. Funding agencies may consider the findings when prioritizing research related to bio-based composites, lightweight structures, and environmentally responsible manufacturing technologies.

While the article does not propose regulations or engineering standards directly, its scientific evidence provides a valuable foundation that may support future policy development concerning sustainable composite materials and green manufacturing technologies.

11. Who Should Read This Paper?

  • Researchers working in composite materials, sustainable materials, and polymer engineering.
  • Mechanical engineers involved in structural design and lightweight engineering.
  • Materials scientists investigating bio-based composite technologies.
  • Finite element analysts and computational mechanics researchers.
  • Graduate students studying composite structures, materials engineering, or computational simulation.
  • Manufacturing engineers seeking environmentally sustainable material alternatives.
  • Industrial product designers developing lightweight composite components.
  • Engineers working in automotive, marine, aerospace, renewable energy, and industrial equipment manufacturing.
  • Academics teaching composite mechanics, finite element analysis, or sustainable engineering.
  • Innovation managers exploring greener materials for future industrial products.
  • Government agencies supporting sustainable manufacturing and advanced materials research.
  • Policymakers interested in promoting environmentally responsible engineering technologies.

12. Final Thoughts

This study provides a valuable contribution to the growing body of research on sustainable composite materials by demonstrating how renewable natural fibers can be integrated into conventional glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates without significantly reducing tensile performance. Rather than advocating complete replacement of synthetic reinforcement, the authors present a more realistic engineering strategy based on carefully optimized hybrid laminate configurations. Their systematic investigation illustrates that the position of natural fiber layers is as important as the quantity of material substituted, offering practical design knowledge for future composite development.

Another notable strength of the research lies in its rigorous computational methodology. The combination of material modelling, finite element analysis, mesh verification, convergence testing, and validation against experimental data provides confidence in the reliability of the simulation results. The comprehensive comparison of numerous laminate configurations also extends current understanding of hybrid composite behaviour beyond what could be achieved through limited experimental testing alone.

From an engineering perspective, the findings demonstrate that digital simulation can accelerate the development of environmentally responsible materials while reducing prototype costs and design time. As industries increasingly pursue lightweight structures with lower environmental impact, studies such as this provide practical guidance for balancing sustainability and structural performance. Although additional experimental validation and long-term durability studies remain necessary, the research establishes a strong scientific foundation for future advances in hybrid composite engineering and sustainable manufacturing technologies.

Suggested Citation

UNP–Teknomekanik Style

Wikarta, A., Andikusuma, C., Ariatedja, J. B., Batan, I. M. L., Gapsari, F., & Khoo, S. W. (2025). Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation. Teknomekanik, 8(1), 99–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472

APA (7th Edition)

Wikarta, A., Andikusuma, C., Ariatedja, J. B., Batan, I. M. L., Gapsari, F., & Khoo, S. W. (2025). Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation. Teknomekanik, 8(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472

IEEE Style

A. Wikarta, C. Andikusuma, J. B. Ariatedja, I. M. L. Batan, F. Gapsari, and S. W. Khoo, "Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation," Teknomekanik, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 99–116, 2025, doi: 10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472.

Harvard Style

Wikarta, A., Andikusuma, C., Ariatedja, J.B., Batan, I.M.L., Gapsari, F. & Khoo, S.W., 2025. Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation. Teknomekanik, 8(1), pp.99–116. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472.

Vancouver Style

Wikarta A, Andikusuma C, Ariatedja JB, Batan IML, Gapsari F, Khoo SW. Natural fiber substitution in glass fiber-reinforced plastics: A tensile properties simulation. Teknomekanik. 2025;8(1):99–116. Available from: https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472

Chicago (Author–Date)

Wikarta, Alief, Chandya Andikusuma, Julendra Bambang Ariatedja, I Made Londen Batan, Femiana Gapsari, and Sze Wei Khoo. 2025. "Natural Fiber Substitution in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics: A Tensile Properties Simulation." Teknomekanik 8 (1): 99–116. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472.

MLA (9th Edition)

Wikarta, Alief, et al. "Natural Fiber Substitution in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics: A Tensile Properties Simulation." Teknomekanik, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v8i1.33472.

Editorial Note

Editorial Note: This blog post is an independent scholarly review intended for educational and scientific communication purposes. It summarizes and discusses the published article in the author's own words while providing full attribution to the original publication, consistent with the principles of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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