Why High-Performance Activated Carbon Could Shape the Future of Clean Energy Storage and Sustainable Refrigeration

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Activated carbon has become one of the most important porous materials used across modern engineering applications, ranging from gas purification and environmental remediation to energy storage and advanced refrigeration technologies. As industries seek cleaner refrigerants, more efficient gas storage systems, and lower-carbon energy solutions, understanding how gases interact with highly porous materials has become increasingly important. Accurate adsorption data are fundamental for designing reliable adsorption systems, yet experimental datasets for high-performance activated carbon under controlled operating conditions remain relatively limited. This study addresses that challenge by experimentally investigating propane adsorption on Maxsorb II activated carbon using a Constant Volume Variable Pressure (CVVP) apparatus. Rather than merely reporting laboratory measurements, the research provides valuable insights into adsorption behaviour, isotherm modelling, and experimental uncertainty that may support future developments in sustainable refrigeration, adsorbed natural gas storage, and thermodynamic engineering.

Bibliographic Information

Item Information
Article Title Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm
Authors Tine Aprianti, Harrini Mutiara Hapsari, Debby Yulinar Permata, Selvia Aprilyanti, Justin Sobey, Kallan Pham, Srinivasan Kandadai, and Hui Tong Chua
Journal Teknomekanik
Volume & Issue Volume 7, Issue 1
Publication Year 2024
Pages 62–73
DOI https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672
Publisher Universitas Negeri Padang
License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

1. Research Background

  • Activated carbon remains one of the most versatile engineering materials. Owing to its exceptionally high surface area and extensive microporous structure, activated carbon is widely employed in gas purification, water treatment, air filtration, chemical recovery, catalysis, and energy-related applications. Its ability to adsorb significant quantities of gases makes it particularly attractive for thermal systems that rely on reversible adsorption and desorption processes.
  • Adsorption technology is gaining renewed attention in sustainable refrigeration. Conventional vapor-compression refrigeration systems consume considerable electrical energy and commonly rely on refrigerants that have raised environmental concerns. Adsorption refrigeration offers an alternative approach that can utilize low-grade heat sources, produce minimal vibration, and potentially operate with environmentally friendlier refrigerants such as propane. Improving adsorption performance is therefore essential for increasing the competitiveness of these systems.
  • Propane has re-emerged as a promising natural refrigerant. Following international efforts to phase out ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and reduce high-global-warming hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), propane (R290) has attracted renewed interest because of its negligible ozone depletion potential and comparatively low global warming potential. However, its practical application requires a thorough understanding of adsorption characteristics when combined with advanced porous materials.
  • High-performance activated carbon can improve gas storage efficiency. Materials such as Maxsorb II possess an exceptionally developed pore network capable of storing substantially larger quantities of adsorbed gas than conventional materials. This capability is important not only for refrigeration cycles but also for adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage systems, where enhanced storage density at lower pressures may improve safety and energy efficiency.
  • Reliable adsorption isotherms are fundamental engineering design tools. Engineers rely on adsorption isotherm models to predict gas uptake under varying temperatures and pressures. Accurate isotherm parameters are essential for designing adsorption beds, estimating storage capacity, optimizing thermal management, and simulating industrial adsorption processes. Experimental datasets therefore remain indispensable despite continuous advances in numerical modelling.
  • Existing adsorption models require further experimental validation. Classical adsorption models—including Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, Dubinin–Astakhov, and Tóth isotherms—are based on different assumptions regarding adsorption mechanisms and pore characteristics. Their predictive performance depends heavily on experimental validation under realistic operating conditions and for specific adsorbent–adsorbate combinations.
  • Experimental uncertainty remains an important engineering concern. Laboratory adsorption measurements involve multiple sources of uncertainty, including pressure measurement, temperature regulation, dead-volume estimation, and gas property calculations. Quantifying these uncertainties is essential for ensuring that adsorption models accurately represent physical behaviour and can be confidently applied in engineering design.
  • The study addresses a practical research gap. Although numerous investigations have examined methane adsorption on activated carbon, comparatively fewer studies have reported detailed experimental adsorption data for propane using high-performance Maxsorb II activated carbon under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Additional experimental evidence is needed to strengthen available adsorption databases and improve predictive modelling.
  • The novelty lies in combining high-quality experimentation with robust adsorption modelling. Rather than proposing a new theoretical adsorption equation, the research contributes by generating a reliable experimental dataset, performing helium calibration to determine free space accurately, fitting the adsorption behaviour using the Tóth isotherm, and quantifying measurement uncertainty. These outcomes provide practical information that can support future engineering design involving propane adsorption systems.

2. Research Objectives

  • To experimentally investigate the adsorption behaviour of propane on high-performance Maxsorb II activated carbon under controlled temperature and pressure conditions.
  • To construct accurate propane adsorption isotherms using a Constant Volume Variable Pressure (CVVP) experimental apparatus.
  • To establish a reliable experimental dataset that expands the available knowledge of gas adsorption performance for advanced activated carbon materials.
  • To evaluate the suitability of the Tóth adsorption isotherm for representing propane adsorption characteristics across different operating conditions.
  • To determine key adsorption parameters, including the maximum specific adsorption capacity and the heterogeneity characteristics of the activated carbon sample.
  • To perform helium calibration for accurately determining the free volume of the adsorption system before propane testing.
  • To quantify experimental uncertainty and assess the reliability of the collected adsorption measurements.
  • To generate experimental evidence that can support the future design and optimization of adsorption refrigeration systems and adsorbed natural gas storage technologies.

3. Why This Research Matters

  • Supports sustainable refrigeration technologies. Accurate propane adsorption data contribute to the development of adsorption refrigeration systems that can utilize environmentally friendly refrigerants while reducing dependence on conventional electrically driven cooling technologies.
  • Improves energy storage engineering. Understanding how propane interacts with high-performance activated carbon enables engineers to design safer and more efficient adsorbed natural gas storage systems capable of increasing storage density at relatively moderate pressures.
  • Strengthens thermodynamic modelling. Reliable experimental isotherms provide essential input data for simulation software, adsorption cycle analysis, and process optimization in chemical and mechanical engineering applications.
  • Provides high-quality experimental reference data. Experimental adsorption measurements remain indispensable for validating theoretical adsorption models, computational simulations, and future machine learning approaches used in adsorption science.
  • Supports cleaner industrial technologies. Activated carbon-based adsorption systems can contribute to cleaner gas purification, improved refrigerant management, and reduced environmental impacts associated with conventional cooling technologies.
  • Enhances engineering reliability. By explicitly evaluating experimental uncertainty and calibration procedures, the study improves confidence in adsorption measurements that may later be used for industrial equipment design.
  • Advances materials engineering research. The findings deepen scientific understanding of how advanced porous carbon materials behave under varying thermodynamic conditions, supporting continued innovation in adsorption materials and energy systems.
  • Contributes to sustainable engineering development. The experimental evidence generated in this study may assist future research focused on low-carbon refrigeration, energy-efficient gas storage, and environmentally responsible engineering solutions aligned with global sustainability goals.

4. Research Methodology

  • Research Type

    The study employed an experimental engineering approach to investigate the adsorption behaviour of propane on high-performance activated carbon. Rather than relying solely on theoretical adsorption models or numerical simulations, the researchers generated primary laboratory data under carefully controlled operating conditions. The resulting dataset was subsequently analysed using established adsorption isotherm models to characterize the adsorption performance of the material.

  • Adsorbent Material

    The adsorbent used throughout the experiments was Maxsorb II activated carbon, a commercially available high-performance activated carbon produced by Kansai Coke and Chemicals Company. Maxsorb II is recognized for its exceptionally large surface area and highly developed microporous structure, making it particularly suitable for gas adsorption, adsorption refrigeration, and adsorbed natural gas storage applications.

  • Adsorbate

    Propane (R290) was selected as the adsorbate because of its growing importance as an environmentally friendly natural refrigerant and its potential use in adsorption-based cooling technologies and gas storage systems. Helium was additionally employed during calibration because it behaves as a non-adsorbing gas, enabling accurate determination of the system's free volume before adsorption measurements were conducted.

  • Experimental Apparatus

    Adsorption experiments were performed using a Constant Volume Variable Pressure (CVVP) apparatus specifically designed for equilibrium adsorption measurements. The system consisted of:

    • a temperature-controlled adsorption vessel containing the activated carbon sample;
    • a dosing vessel used to introduce controlled quantities of gas;
    • pressure transducers for equilibrium pressure measurements;
    • resistance temperature detectors (RTDs);
    • temperature-regulated water baths to maintain thermal stability during experiments.

    The apparatus enabled accurate determination of equilibrium adsorption under different combinations of pressure and temperature while minimizing thermal fluctuations that could influence adsorption behaviour.

  • Experimental Procedure

    Before propane adsorption measurements were initiated, the activated carbon sample was regenerated to remove previously adsorbed substances. Helium calibration experiments were then performed to determine the dead volume (free space) of the adsorption system accurately. After calibration, propane was introduced incrementally into the adsorption vessel through controlled dosing operations until equilibrium conditions were achieved for each measurement point.

    The researchers intentionally avoided operating conditions that might produce propane condensation, thereby ensuring that measured adsorption represented gas adsorption rather than liquid accumulation within the porous material.

  • Operating Conditions

    Adsorption behaviour was evaluated under multiple equilibrium pressures and temperatures representative of practical engineering applications. Measurements were collected over several dosing steps, allowing complete adsorption isotherms to be constructed instead of relying on isolated experimental observations.

  • Data Processing

    Experimental measurements were exported from the data acquisition system and processed using Microsoft Excel. Gas densities required for adsorption calculations were obtained using REFPROP, allowing equilibrium gas properties to be calculated accurately for each operating condition. Adsorbed propane quantities were determined from mass balances considering gas introduced into the system, free gas occupying the dead volume, and equilibrium thermodynamic properties.

  • Adsorption Modelling

    Experimental adsorption data were interpreted using the Tóth adsorption isotherm, an empirical model that extends the classical Langmuir equation by accounting for adsorbent heterogeneity. The model was selected because of its ability to represent adsorption behaviour over both low- and high-pressure regions while providing physically meaningful parameters describing adsorption capacity and pore heterogeneity.

    Although the paper also discusses several established adsorption models—including Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, and Dubinin–Astakhov—the final experimental data were primarily fitted using the Tóth isotherm because of its superior agreement with the measured adsorption behaviour.

  • Validation and Uncertainty Analysis

    Measurement reliability was evaluated through helium calibration, regression analysis, and experimental uncertainty estimation. The researchers reported both the standard error of regression and the overall experimental uncertainty, providing confidence that the developed adsorption dataset can serve as a reliable reference for future adsorption modelling and engineering design.

  • Engineering Workflow

    The overall experimental workflow consisted of:

    1. Activated carbon regeneration.
    2. Helium calibration to determine system free volume.
    3. Controlled propane dosing.
    4. Equilibrium pressure and temperature measurements.
    5. Calculation of adsorbed propane mass.
    6. Tóth isotherm parameter estimation.
    7. Regression evaluation and uncertainty assessment.

    This systematic workflow ensured that adsorption parameters were derived from experimentally validated equilibrium measurements rather than estimated theoretical assumptions.

5. Key Findings

Excellent Agreement Between Experimental Data and the Tóth Isotherm

One of the most significant outcomes of the study is the successful representation of propane adsorption behaviour using the Tóth adsorption isotherm. The experimental measurements closely followed the model predictions across the investigated operating conditions, demonstrating that the Tóth equation provides an appropriate description of propane adsorption on Maxsorb II activated carbon.

This result is particularly valuable because adsorption isotherms serve as the foundation for engineering calculations involving adsorption refrigeration, gas storage, and thermodynamic simulation. A reliable mathematical representation allows engineers to predict adsorption performance without conducting extensive experiments for every new operating condition.

High Adsorption Capacity Demonstrates the Performance of Maxsorb II

The experiments showed that Maxsorb II possesses an exceptionally high capacity for propane adsorption. The fitted Tóth model estimated a maximum specific adsorption capacity of approximately 2.28 g of propane per gram of activated carbon, indicating the outstanding adsorption capability of the material.

Such high adsorption performance reinforces the suitability of high-surface-area activated carbon for applications requiring compact gas storage and efficient adsorption cycles. The finding supports ongoing research into advanced porous materials for sustainable refrigeration systems and adsorbed natural gas technologies.

Helium Calibration Produced Reliable Free-Volume Measurements

Accurate adsorption measurements depend heavily on precise determination of the apparatus dead volume. Using helium as a non-adsorbing reference gas, the researchers successfully calibrated the experimental system and obtained a free-space volume of approximately 43.3 ± 0.7 cm³.

This calibration step significantly strengthened the reliability of subsequent propane adsorption calculations because it minimized systematic errors associated with gas volume estimation. The study therefore demonstrates good experimental practice by integrating calibration directly into the adsorption measurement procedure.

Experimental Uncertainty Was Kept Very Low

Another important finding is the high precision achieved during laboratory testing. The reported experimental uncertainty was approximately 0.24%, while the regression analysis showed a standard error of about 0.01 g/g.

These values indicate that the experimental methodology produced highly consistent adsorption measurements. Low uncertainty increases confidence that the resulting dataset can be used as benchmark data for validating future adsorption models and numerical simulations.

Controlled Experimental Conditions Improved Measurement Reliability

The researchers carefully designed the experimental procedure to avoid propane condensation and maintain thermal equilibrium throughout every adsorption measurement. Temperature-controlled water baths, controlled dosing operations, and continuous monitoring of pressure and temperature reduced disturbances that could influence adsorption behaviour.

By eliminating potential sources of experimental bias, the study generated adsorption data that more accurately represent equilibrium gas adsorption. This careful experimental design strengthens the practical usefulness of the reported adsorption parameters.

The Dataset Provides Valuable Reference Information for Engineering Design

Beyond reporting adsorption measurements, the study contributes a well-characterized experimental dataset describing propane adsorption on one of the world's highest-performance activated carbon materials. Such datasets remain relatively scarce despite their importance for engineering analysis.

The generated data can support future investigations involving adsorption refrigeration cycles, adsorbed natural gas storage, thermodynamic modelling, porous material characterization, and computational simulation. Consequently, the study serves not only as an experimental investigation but also as a reference resource for researchers developing next-generation adsorption technologies.

6. Scientific Contribution

  • Provides a high-quality experimental adsorption dataset. One of the primary scientific contributions of this study is the generation of carefully measured equilibrium adsorption data for propane on Maxsorb II activated carbon. Reliable experimental datasets remain essential for validating adsorption theories, benchmarking numerical simulations, and supporting future engineering research.
  • Strengthens understanding of propane adsorption behaviour. The research expands current knowledge regarding the interaction between propane molecules and highly porous activated carbon under controlled thermodynamic conditions. This information contributes to the broader understanding of gas adsorption phenomena in microporous materials.
  • Demonstrates the applicability of the Tóth adsorption isotherm. The study confirms that the Tóth model provides an accurate representation of propane adsorption over the investigated operating range. This finding supports its continued use in adsorption engineering, particularly when modelling heterogeneous activated carbon materials.
  • Improves experimental methodology through rigorous calibration. By incorporating helium calibration prior to propane adsorption experiments, the researchers minimized systematic errors associated with free-volume determination. This methodological approach enhances the reliability and reproducibility of adsorption measurements.
  • Quantifies experimental uncertainty. Rather than reporting adsorption capacity alone, the study explicitly evaluates measurement uncertainty and regression accuracy. This transparency increases confidence in the reported experimental data and facilitates meaningful comparison with future investigations.
  • Supports thermodynamic model development. The experimental results provide valuable reference data for developing, validating, and refining adsorption models used in thermodynamic analysis, process simulation, and computational engineering.
  • Contributes to adsorption engineering research. Although the study does not introduce a new adsorption theory, it provides robust experimental evidence that strengthens the scientific foundation upon which future adsorption technologies can be developed.

7. Industrial Implications

  • Supports the development of adsorption refrigeration systems. Accurate propane adsorption data enable engineers to design adsorption cooling systems with greater confidence, improving system efficiency and thermal performance while reducing reliance on conventional electrically driven refrigeration technologies.
  • Improves adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage design. Knowledge of propane adsorption capacity assists engineers in designing pressure vessels that maximize gas storage while operating at comparatively lower pressures, potentially improving operational safety and storage efficiency.
  • Enhances engineering simulation and digital design. Reliable adsorption isotherm parameters can be directly incorporated into computational models, digital twins, process simulators, and engineering software used to optimize adsorption-based systems before physical prototyping.
  • Supports advanced material selection. The reported adsorption performance of Maxsorb II provides engineers and researchers with valuable information when selecting porous materials for gas storage, adsorption cooling, purification systems, or other adsorption-based technologies.
  • Promotes sustainable refrigeration technologies. The findings support ongoing industrial efforts to replace refrigerants with high environmental impacts by facilitating the adoption of natural refrigerants such as propane within adsorption-based cooling systems.
  • Strengthens quality assurance in adsorption testing. The experimental methodology—including calibration procedures, uncertainty evaluation, and equilibrium measurements—offers a useful reference for laboratories conducting adsorption characterization and material performance evaluation.
  • Supports digital engineering and Industry 4.0. High-quality experimental datasets are increasingly valuable for integrating laboratory measurements with simulation tools, optimization algorithms, artificial intelligence, and predictive engineering models used in modern digital engineering environments.
  • Provides reference data for future engineering innovation. The adsorption parameters reported in this work may serve as benchmark values for researchers and industrial practitioners developing next-generation adsorption equipment, thermal energy storage systems, and environmentally sustainable process technologies.

8. Research Limitations

  • The investigation focuses exclusively on propane adsorption using a single commercially available activated carbon material (Maxsorb II). Consequently, the reported results should not be generalized to other activated carbons or adsorbent materials without additional experimental verification.
  • The adsorption experiments were performed under controlled laboratory conditions. Industrial operating environments may involve additional variables—including impurities, cyclic loading, temperature fluctuations, and long-term material degradation—that were outside the scope of the present investigation.
  • The study evaluates equilibrium adsorption behaviour rather than long-term cyclic performance. Practical adsorption systems frequently experience repeated adsorption–desorption cycles that may influence material durability and adsorption capacity over extended operation.
  • Although several classical adsorption models are reviewed, the experimental analysis primarily emphasizes the Tóth isotherm. Additional comparisons involving other advanced adsorption models may provide further insights into adsorption mechanisms under broader operating conditions.
  • The research concentrates on equilibrium adsorption characteristics and does not investigate heat transfer behaviour, adsorption kinetics, or complete refrigeration system performance, all of which are important considerations for practical engineering implementation.
  • Economic feasibility, manufacturing scalability, and commercial implementation were beyond the objectives of the study and therefore remain opportunities for future investigation.

9. Future Research Opportunities

  • Investigate adsorption behaviour using additional environmentally friendly refrigerants to identify optimal adsorbent–adsorbate combinations for sustainable cooling technologies.
  • Compare the adsorption performance of Maxsorb II with other commercially available and newly developed activated carbons, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, and other porous materials.
  • Evaluate adsorption–desorption cycling performance to assess long-term material durability, regeneration stability, and practical service life.
  • Develop dynamic adsorption models that incorporate adsorption kinetics in addition to equilibrium isotherms for more realistic engineering simulations.
  • Integrate experimentally validated adsorption data into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and multiphysics simulations to optimize adsorption system design.
  • Investigate the influence of pore size distribution, surface chemistry, and material modification on propane adsorption performance.
  • Evaluate adsorption performance under wider temperature and pressure ranges representative of industrial operating conditions.
  • Assess the integration of adsorption technology with renewable energy sources such as solar thermal energy or industrial waste heat for sustainable cooling applications.
  • Develop machine learning models trained using experimentally validated adsorption datasets to improve adsorption prediction and material screening.
  • Perform techno-economic and life-cycle assessments to evaluate the commercial viability and environmental benefits of adsorption-based refrigeration and gas storage systems.

10. Potential for Public Policy Citation (Overton)

The article demonstrates moderate potential for citation in public policy documents. While the research primarily addresses laboratory-scale adsorption characterization rather than regulatory or socio-economic issues, its findings contribute scientific evidence that may support engineering standards, energy technology roadmaps, and sustainable refrigeration initiatives.

The experimental adsorption data may be valuable for government agencies, research organizations, and industrial stakeholders involved in developing low-carbon cooling technologies, improving energy storage systems, and promoting environmentally responsible refrigerants. As many countries continue implementing policies that encourage the transition away from high-global-warming refrigerants, experimentally validated adsorption data become increasingly relevant for technology assessment and engineering decision-making.

Potential policy applications include:

  • Development of sustainable refrigeration technology roadmaps.
  • Technical guidance for adsorption-based thermal energy storage systems.
  • Engineering standards related to adsorption material characterization.
  • National research strategies on low-carbon cooling technologies.
  • Innovation programs supporting advanced porous materials and energy-efficient engineering systems.
  • Future environmental policies encouraging the adoption of natural refrigerants with lower environmental impacts.

Nevertheless, because the study focuses on fundamental experimental adsorption measurements rather than policy evaluation or technology deployment, its influence on public policy would most likely occur indirectly through subsequent engineering research, technology development, and industrial standards rather than through immediate regulatory implementation.

11. Who Should Read This Paper?

  • Researchers in adsorption science. The paper provides high-quality experimental adsorption data that can support future investigations involving porous materials, adsorption thermodynamics, and gas storage technologies.
  • Chemical engineers. Engineers working on gas separation, adsorption processes, thermodynamic modelling, and process simulation will benefit from the experimentally validated adsorption parameters presented in this study.
  • Mechanical and thermal engineers. Researchers developing adsorption refrigeration systems, heat-driven cooling technologies, and energy-efficient thermal systems can utilize the reported adsorption characteristics to improve system design.
  • Materials scientists. Scientists investigating activated carbon, porous materials, surface engineering, and advanced adsorbents will find valuable experimental evidence regarding the adsorption performance of Maxsorb II activated carbon.
  • Graduate students. The article serves as an excellent example of rigorous experimental design, adsorption measurement techniques, calibration procedures, and isotherm modelling suitable for postgraduate research in engineering and materials science.
  • Industrial researchers. Companies involved in gas storage technologies, refrigeration equipment, adsorption systems, activated carbon manufacturing, and energy technologies may use the findings as reference data during product development.
  • Computational modelling researchers. Engineers developing numerical simulations, digital twins, machine learning models, or thermodynamic software can use the reported experimental dataset for model validation.
  • Energy and sustainability practitioners. Professionals interested in environmentally friendly refrigeration technologies and sustainable energy systems can gain insights into how adsorption technologies may contribute to cleaner engineering solutions.

12. Final Thoughts

This study provides a carefully executed experimental investigation into propane adsorption on high-performance Maxsorb II activated carbon. Rather than proposing a new adsorption theory, its primary strength lies in producing reliable experimental evidence that can be confidently used for scientific analysis, engineering design, and future model validation. The combination of rigorous helium calibration, well-controlled laboratory conditions, comprehensive equilibrium measurements, and accurate Tóth isotherm fitting demonstrates a high standard of experimental engineering research.

The reported adsorption capacity, low experimental uncertainty, and strong agreement between experimental observations and the adsorption model indicate that the generated dataset represents a valuable contribution to adsorption science. Such experimentally validated data remain indispensable because they provide the foundation upon which computational simulations, thermodynamic analyses, and engineering optimization studies are built.

Although the investigation is limited to a single adsorbent–adsorbate pair under laboratory conditions, its findings extend beyond the immediate experiment. They support ongoing efforts to develop sustainable refrigeration systems, adsorbed natural gas storage technologies, and advanced porous materials for energy applications. Overall, this article represents a meaningful contribution to adsorption engineering by strengthening the experimental knowledge base required for future technological innovation and environmentally responsible engineering solutions.

Suggested Citation

Teknomekanik (UNP) Style

Aprianti, T., Hapsari, H. M., Permata, D. Y., Aprilyanti, S., Sobey, J., Pham, K., Kandadai, S., & Chua, H. T. (2024). Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm. Teknomekanik, 7(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672

APA (7th Edition)

Aprianti, T., Hapsari, H. M., Permata, D. Y., Aprilyanti, S., Sobey, J., Pham, K., Kandadai, S., & Chua, H. T. (2024). Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm. Teknomekanik, 7(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672

IEEE Style

T. Aprianti, H. M. Hapsari, D. Y. Permata, S. Aprilyanti, J. Sobey, K. Pham, S. Kandadai, and H. T. Chua, "Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm," Teknomekanik, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 62–73, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672.

Harvard Style

Aprianti, T., Hapsari, H.M., Permata, D.Y., Aprilyanti, S., Sobey, J., Pham, K., Kandadai, S. and Chua, H.T., 2024. Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm. Teknomekanik, 7(1), pp.62–73. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672.

Vancouver Style

Aprianti T, Hapsari HM, Permata DY, Aprilyanti S, Sobey J, Pham K, Kandadai S, Chua HT. Experimental study of gas adsorption using high-performance activated carbon: Propane adsorption isotherm. Teknomekanik. 2024;7(1):62-73. doi:10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672.

Chicago (Author–Date)

Aprianti, Tine, Harrini Mutiara Hapsari, Debby Yulinar Permata, Selvia Aprilyanti, Justin Sobey, Kallan Pham, Srinivasan Kandadai, and Hui Tong Chua. 2024. "Experimental Study of Gas Adsorption Using High-Performance Activated Carbon: Propane Adsorption Isotherm." Teknomekanik 7 (1): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672.

MLA (9th Edition)

Aprianti, Tine, et al. "Experimental Study of Gas Adsorption Using High-Performance Activated Carbon: Propane Adsorption Isotherm." Teknomekanik, vol. 7, no. 1, 2024, pp. 62–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v7i1.28672.

Editorial Note

Editorial Note: This blog post is an independent scholarly review intended for educational and scientific communication purposes. It summarizes and discusses the published article in the author's own words while providing full attribution to the original publication, consistent with the principles of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

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